How lutein & zeaxanthin work in the eye
Lutein and zeaxanthin are used by the body throughout life: as infants, while our vision is developing; as we mature during childhood; and as our eyes become more vulnerable with age:
Neonatal: Important for prenatal development of eyes and brain
Infancy: Identified as the major carotenoid in breast milk
From childhood to senior years:
By 6-14 weeks in gestation, lutein is transferred through the umbilical cord to the eye where it begins to accumulate. By 20-22 weeks in gestation, lutein is diverted to the newly developing retina, supporting tissues and key layers like the macula. In the growing child/adolescent, proper intake of dietary carotenoids supports for the healthy development of the eyes.
One of the most important roles for lutein and zeaxanthin to protect the macula. These nutrients act as potent antioxidants against a process called oxidation that can result in too much free radicals that can damage and cellular changes in this vulnerable part of the eye. Oxidation is a normal process, occurring from exposure to blue light, sunlight and as a normal part of aging, but antioxidants can help slow this process, protect and preserve our eye health.
Lutein and zeaxanthin isomers are highly concentrated in the macula, or the area of the eye responsible for our central vision, thus their characterization as “macular carotenoids.” They are responsible for the sharpness with which we see things, also known as visual acuity. Research has shown that greater concentration of these nutrients leads to greater macular pigment, which can help filter light and enhance our visual detail and contrast. Studies also suggest that greater macular pigment density can increase the speed with which we adapt to the dark and have greater recovery from glare. What this means is support for real-life occurrences like driving at night, processing images, helping us see in dim light, and preventing the type of eye strain that might occur after staring at a computer for too long.
Many external factors can disrupt a normal night’s sleep including the sleep environment like light, noise, and temperature as well as overexposure to blue light-emitting screens and devices. Internally, our sleep habits also may change as we age, or as we go through phases of managing greater levels of stress, anxiety, and the inability to rest or relax. Dietary supplementation including lutein and zeaxanthin has been shown to support some of these elements. First, it is shown to filter out high energy blue light from digital devices, and hence, reduces eye strain and fatigue associated with the use of these devices. It has also been shown to reduce stress, promote a feeling of relaxation, support mental and emotional well-being, and help support a restful, quality sleep.
Persistent exposure to stress and lack of sleep can impact brain function, mood, and energy levels. As a result, we can suffer from the inability to focus, attend, and learn properly. Researchers have shown that Lutemax 2020 supports some aspects of cognition, e.g., recognizing and processing information, performing memory recall tasks, sustained attention, and response to psychomotor tasks.
Because the eye is an extension of the nervous system in the body which stems from the brain, it is not surprising that lutein and zeaxanthin are also important to our brain health.
Evidence of the need for infant development includes the fact that there is considerable accumulation of lutein in the infant brain. This is despite the fact that other carotenoids are more prevalent in infant diets, making it likely that lutein plays a role in early brain development. Also, breast milk and colostrum are rich in lutein when the mother’s diet is rich in lutein, again signaling a need for lutein in an infant’s developing brain
In adults, the macular pigment density in the eyes is directly related to the level of cognitive function.
We also see that in the brain, as in the eye, lutein may help the neurons of the brain talk with one another and may help improve cognitive function.
Research has also shown that with greater macular pigment density, comes improved cognitive function in healthy older adults as measured by improvements in verbal fluency, memory and rate of learning.
Also, by evidence of the fact that lutein is the predominant carotenoid in our brains both early and late in life, scientists associate lutein with the inhibition of free radicals formed by oxidation in the brain.
It is at these times in our lives that the retina and brain are changing dramatically and the brain is particularly vulnerable to oxidation, requiring the additional support of carotenoids like lutein.
Lutein and zeaxanthin also play an important role for our skin. Lutein is found in the outermost layer of the skin, called the epidermis, and in the next layer, known as the dermis and, along with other carotenoids, is thought to contribute to skin color (pigment) and protection of the structural components of the skin from breakdown. Similar to their roles in the eye, lutein and zeaxanthin have two primary functions in the skin:
1. Antioxidants
2. Filters of high energy blue light from sources such as the sun
We can see through research that people who supplemented with a combination of carotenoids including beta-carotene, lutein, zeaxanthin and lycopene applied directly to the skin experienced less redness and swelling associated with sunburn after exposure to UV light. Also, people supplemented with a combination of vitamins C and lutein and omega-3 fatty acids provided protection.